TiM said:If your output from the chip is directly connected to an LED, you are delivering 2/3 of the rail voltage as the internal resistors act as a voltage divider within the chip. So for example, a 555 timer directly supplying a "high" output state to an LED from a 9V supply is giving 6V to the LED line without resistor to drop it. dead led btw...
currently looking for the link where I read it all... I'm a materials engineer not electronics, ;D